- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 4.0.2.
cryptography
Frameworks & LibrariesApache-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clausecryptography release notes.
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14 releases in the last year
Changelog
- Added xof() class methods to SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 for constructing algorithm instances configured for use with XOFHash
- Added the Cobblestone (streaming symmetric encryption) recipe, an implementation of the Cobblestone-128 and Cobblestone-256 instantiations of the C2SP chunked-encryption specification for streaming authenticated encryption of large messages
- Added support for using Name as a field type in the ASN.1 module
- Added MLDSAMuHasher for incrementally computing the ML-DSA mu (message representative) used by the external-mu signing and verification APIs
- X.509 verification APIs are now considered stable and are subject to the API stability policy
- XOFHash is now supported when building against AWS-LC
- HMAC (and therefore PBKDF2-HMAC) with SHA-3 hashes is now supported when building against AWS-LC
- Diffie-Hellman key exchange is now supported when building against AWS-LC
- The builtin HashAlgorithm classes and the classes in padding can now be compared with ==
- Parsing a Signed Certificate Timestamp list now rejects encodings that carry trailing bytes after the list or after an individual SCT
- Loading a public key or an EC private key now rejects DER where the subjectPublicKey (or EC publicKey) BIT STRING declares a non-zero number of unused bits
- Parsing a CRL entry's InvalidityDate extension now rejects a GeneralizedTime that carries fractional seconds or another non-DER form
- load_der_ocsp_request() and load_der_ocsp_response() now reject a request or response whose version field is not v1, the only version defined by RFC 6960
- load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() now reject Diffie-Hellman public keys whose modulus is smaller than 512 bits
- Diffie-Hellman key exchange over finite fields (FFDH) is deprecated, including the types in cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dh and loading FFDH keys or parameters with the key loading APIs
- pkcs7_decrypt_der() and its PEM and S/MIME variants no longer expose distinguishable errors or timing when unwrapping a RecipientInfo's encryptedKey, which could act as a Bleichenbacher oracle for callers that decrypt untrusted messages, by substituting a random key on failure as described in RFC 3218
From cryptography
- SECURITY ISSUE: pkcs7_decrypt_der()and its PEM and S/MIME variants no longer expose distinguishable errors or timing when unwrapping a
RecipientInfo’sencryptedKey, which could act as a Bleichenbacher oracle for callers that decrypt untrusted messages. A random key is now substituted on failure, as described in RFC 3218. Credit to @X1AOxiang for reporting the issue. CVE-2026-69247 - Deprecated Diffie-Hellman key exchange over finite fields (FFDH). Everything FFDH is deprecated, including the types in
cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dhand loading FFDH keys or parameters with the key loading APIs. Users should migrate to a more modern key exchange algorithm. - Added
xof()class methods to SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 for constructing algorithm instances configured for use with XOFHash. - The X.509 verification APIs are now considered stable and are subject to our API stability policy.
- Added the Cobblestone (streaming symmetric encryption) recipe, an implementation of the Cobblestone-128 and Cobblestone-256 instantiations of the C2SP chunked-encryption specification for streaming authenticated encryption of large messages.
- Parsing a Signed Certificate Timestamp list now rejects encodings that carry trailing bytes after the list or after an individual SCT, instead of silently ignoring them.
- Added support for using Name as a field type in the ASN.1 module.
- Loading a public key or an EC private key now rejects DER where the
subjectPublicKey(or ECpublicKey)BIT STRINGdeclares a non-zero number of unused bits, instead of silently ignoring it. - Parsing a CRL entry’s
InvalidityDateextension now rejects aGeneralizedTimethat carries fractional seconds or another non-DER form, matching the strict encoding already required for every other X.509 time field. - load_der_ocsp_request() and load_der_ocsp_response() now reject a request or response whose
versionfield is notv1, the only version defined by RFC 6960, matching the version validation already performed when loading certificates, CSRs and CRLs. - XOFHash is now supported when building against AWS-LC.
- HMAC (and therefore PBKDF2-HMAC) with SHA-3 hashes is now supported when building against AWS-LC.
- Diffie-Hellman (Diffie-Hellman key exchange) is now supported when building against AWS-LC.
- load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() now reject Diffie-Hellman public keys whose modulus is smaller than 512 bits, matching the minimum already enforced when loading DH private keys and when constructing DHParameterNumbers.
- Added MLDSAMuHasher for incrementally computing the ML-DSA
mu(message representative) used by the external-mu signing and verification APIs. - The builtin HashAlgorithmclasses and the classes in padding can now be compared with
==. - CertificateBuilder now supports creating unsigned certificates (RFC 9925) with the
create_unsignedmethod. - The X.509 verification APIs now permit ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87 (RFC 9881) public keys and signatures by default.
- Added support for signing and verifying X.509 certificates, certificate signing requests, and certificate revocation lists with ML-DSA signing keys
- Added support for loading certificates that contain ML-DSA public keys
- Added enc_length() method to KEM to allow callers to split the encapsulated key from the ciphertext returned by encrypt()
- Added support for using Certificate, CertificateSigningRequest, and CertificateRevocationList as field types in ASN.1 structures
- Added value_set() class decorator to register an enum.Enum subclass as an ASN.1 value set
- Added from_bytes() method for parsing a Name from DER bytes as the inverse of public_bytes()
- Added rsa_padding keyword-only parameter to CertificateBuilder.public_key() to encode RSA subject public keys with the id-RSASSA-PSS OID
- ChaCha20 now treats the first 4 bytes of the nonce as a 32-bit little-endian block counter as defined in RFC 7539 and tracks the number of bytes processed
- Loading an X.509 certificate whose ECDSA or DSA signature AlgorithmIdentifier contains encoded NULL parameters now raises ValueError instead of loading with a deprecation warning
- require_present(), may_be_present(), and require_not_present() now accept any extension type instead of only a fixed set
- ChaCha20 now raises ValueError when attempting to encrypt or decrypt more data than the counter allows before it would overflow, rather than silently diverging from RFC 7539
- Fixed cross-compilation of the CFFI bindings when PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR is set by deriving the Python include directory from PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR instead of querying the host interpreter
- Support for x86_64 macOS has been removed; only arm64 wheels are published for macOS
- Support for 32-bit Windows has been removed
- Removed deprecated type aliases PUBLIC_KEY_TYPES, PRIVATE_KEY_TYPES, CERTIFICATE_PRIVATE_KEY_TYPES, CERTIFICATE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPES, and CERTIFICATE_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPES
From cryptography
- BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Support for
x86_64macOS has been removed. We now only publisharm64wheels for macOS. - BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Support for 32-bit Windows has been removed. Users should move to a 64-bit Python installation.
- BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Removed the deprecated
PUBLIC_KEY_TYPES,PRIVATE_KEY_TYPES,CERTIFICATE_PRIVATE_KEY_TYPES,CERTIFICATE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPES, andCERTIFICATE_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPEStype aliases. UsePublicKeyTypes,PrivateKeyTypes,CertificateIssuerPrivateKeyTypes,CertificateIssuerPublicKeyTypes, andCertificatePublicKeyTypesinstead. These were deprecated in version 40.0. - BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: ChaCha20now treats the first 4 bytes of the
nonceas a 32-bit little-endian block counter (as defined in RFC 7539) and tracks the number of bytes processed. Attempting to encrypt or decrypt more data than the counter allows before it would overflow now raises a ValueError rather than silently diverging from RFC 7539. Setting the counter portion of thenonceto zero allows encrypting up to 256 GiB with a given nonce. - BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Loading an X.509 certificate whose ECDSA or DSA signature
AlgorithmIdentifiercontains encoded NULL parameters now raises a ValueError. Such certificates are invalid, but older versions of Java emitted them; previously they loaded with a deprecation warning. - Fixed cross-compilation of the CFFI bindings when
PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIRis set. The build now derives the Python include directory fromPYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIRinstead of querying the host interpreter, which previously caused the build to fail during cross-compilations for embedded systems, on hosts which have same-version Python development headers installed as the target Python. - Added support for signing and verifying X.509 certificates, certificate signing requests, and certificate revocation lists with ML-DSA signing keys, as well as loading certificates that contain ML-DSA public keys.
- Added enc_length() to KEM so callers can split the encapsulated key from the ciphertext returned by encrypt().
- require_present(), may_be_present(), and require_not_present()now accept any extension type. Previously only a fixed set of extension types was supported, which made it impossible to account for otherwise unrecognized critical extensions during path validation.
- Added support for using Certificate, CertificateSigningRequest, and CertificateRevocationList as field types in ASN.1 structures.
- Added value_set(), a class decorator that registers an enum.Enum subclass as an ASN.1 value set: members are encoded as their underlying value, and decoding fails if the decoded value does not match one of the declared members.
- Added from_bytes() for parsing a Name from DER bytes, the inverse of public_bytes().
- Added the
rsa_paddingkeyword-only parameter to public_key(). Passing the PSS class (not an instance) encodes an RSA subject public key in the certificate’ssubjectPublicKeyInfowith theid-RSASSA-PSSOID and no parameters. - Added external mu (message representative) support to ML-DSA signing via the
sign_muandverify_mumethods, which sign and verify a precomputed 64-bytemuas defined in FIPS 204.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 4.0.1.
- Support for ML-KEM key encapsulation and ML-DSA signing when using OpenSSL 3.5.0 or later
- Loading an X.509 CRL whose inner TBSCertList.signature algorithm does not match the outer signatureAlgorithm now raises ValueError instead of being parsed successfully
- Support for Python 3.8 has been removed; cryptography now requires Python 3.9 or later
From cryptography
-
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Support for Python 3.8 has been removed.
cryptographynow requires Python 3.9 or later. -
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Loading an X.509 CRL whose inner
TBSCertList.signaturealgorithm does not match the outersignatureAlgorithmnow raisesValueError. Previously, such CRLs were parsed successfully and only rejected during signature validation. -
Added support for ML-KEM key encapsulation and ML-DSA signing when using OpenSSL 3.5.0 or later, in addition to the existing AWS-LC and BoringSSL support. This means post-quantum algorithms are now available to users of our wheels.
- Note: Going forward, we do not guarantee that all functionality in
cryptographywill be available when building against OpenSSL. See The State of OpenSSL for pyca/cryptography for more information.
- Note: Going forward, we do not guarantee that all functionality in
- Added extract() method to HKDF
- Added support for loading elliptic curve keys that contain explicit encodings of the curves secp256r1, secp384r1, and secp521r1
- Added support for Argon2d and Argon2i when using OpenSSL 3.2.0+
- Loading keys with unsupported algorithms or keys with unsupported explicit curve encodings now raises UnsupportedAlgorithm instead of ValueError
- When parsing elliptic curve private keys, keys that incorrectly encode a private key of the wrong length are now rejected
- Updated the minimum supported Rust version (MSRV) to 1.83.0
- public_bytes and private_bytes methods on keys now raise TypeError instead of ValueError if an invalid encoding is provided
- Support for binary elliptic curves (SECT* classes) has been removed
- Support for OpenSSL 1.1.x has been removed; OpenSSL 3.0.0 or later is now required
- Dropped support for LibreSSL < 4.1
- Support for Python 3.8 is deprecated and will be removed in the next cryptography release
- Passing 64-bit (8-byte) and 128-bit (16-byte) keys to TripleDES is deprecated; only 192-bit (24-byte) keys will be accepted in a future release
- Support for x86_64 macOS is deprecated and will be removed in the next release
- Support for 32-bit Windows is deprecated and will be removed in the next release
- CFB, OFB, and CFB8 have been moved into Decrepit cryptography and are deprecated in the modes module
- Camellia has been moved into Decrepit cryptography and is deprecated in the cipher module
From cryptography
-
Support for Python 3.8 is deprecated and will be removed in the next
cryptographyrelease. -
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Support for binary elliptic curves (
SECT*classes) has been removed. These curves are rarely used and have additional security considerations that make them undesirable. -
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Support for OpenSSL 1.1.x has been removed. OpenSSL 3.0.0 or later is now required. LibreSSL, BoringSSL, and AWS-LC continue to be supported.
-
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Dropped support for LibreSSL < 4.1.
-
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Loading keys with unsupported algorithms or keys with unsupported explicit curve encodings now raises UnsupportedAlgorithm instead of
ValueError. This change affects load_pem_private_key(), load_der_private_key(), load_pem_public_key(), load_der_public_key(), and public_key() when called on certificates with unsupported public key algorithms. -
BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: When parsing elliptic curve private keys, we now reject keys that incorrectly encode a private key of the wrong length because such keys are impossible to process in a constant-time manner. We do not believe keys with this problem are in wide use, however we may revert this change based on the feedback we receive.
-
Deprecated passing 64-bit (8-byte) and 128-bit (16-byte) keys to TripleDES. In a future release, only 192-bit (24-byte) keys will be accepted. Users should expand shorter keys themselves (e.g., for single DES:
key + key + key, for two-key:key + key[:8]). -
Updated the minimum supported Rust version (MSRV) to 1.83.0, from 1.74.0.
-
Support for
x86_64macOS (including publishing wheels) is deprecated and will be removed in the next release. We will switch to publishing anarm64only wheel for macOS. -
Support for 32-bit Windows (including publishing wheels) is deprecated and will be removed in the next release. Users should move to a 64-bit Python installation.
-
public_bytesandprivate_bytesmethods on keys now raiseTypeError(instead ofValueError) if an invalid encoding is provided for the givenformat. -
Moved CFB, OFB, and CFB8 into Decrepit cryptography and deprecated them in the
modesmodule. They will be removed from themodesmodule in 49.0.0. -
Moved Camelliainto Decrepit cryptography and deprecated it in the
ciphermodule. It will be removed from theciphermodule in 49.0.0. -
Added extract()to HKDF. The previous private implementation will be removed in 49.0.0.
-
Added support for loading elliptic curve keys that contain explicit encodings of the curves
secp256r1,secp384r1, andsecp521r1. -
Added support for Argon2dand Argon2iwhen using OpenSSL 3.2.0+.
-
Added
derive_intomethods to HKDF, HKDFExpand, ConcatKDFHash, ConcatKDFHMAC, Argon2id, PBKDF2HMAC, KBKDFHMAC, KBKDFCMAC, Scrypt, and X963KDF to allow deriving keys directly into pre-allocated buffers. -
Added
encrypt_intoanddecrypt_intomethods to AESCCM, AESGCM, AESGCMSIV, AESOCB3, AESSIV, and ChaCha20Poly1305 to allow encrypting directly into a pre-allocated buffer. -
Added support for PKCS1v15 signing without DigestInfo using NoDigestInfo.
-
Added hash(), a one-shot method for computing hashes.
-
Added HPKE (Hybrid Public Key Encryption) support implementing RFC 9180 for hybrid authenticated encryption.
-
Added new ML-KEM key encapsulation module with support for ML-KEM key encapsulation with AWS-LC and BoringSSL.
- Note: Post-quantum algorithm support requires AWS-LC or BoringSSL. As we ship our wheels with OpenSSL, most users will not have access to these APIs yet. See The State of OpenSSL for pyca/cryptography for more information on OpenSSL support.
-
Added new ML-DSA signing module with support for ML-DSA signing and verification with AWS-LC and BoringSSL.
- Note: Post-quantum algorithm support requires AWS-LC or BoringSSL. As we ship our wheels with OpenSSL, most users will not have access to these APIs yet. See The State of OpenSSL for pyca/cryptography for more information on OpenSSL support.
-
Added new ASN.1 module with support for declaratively defining custom ASN.1 types and encoding/decoding them.
-
Fixed compilation when using LibreSSL 4.3.0 and OpenSSL 4.0.0.
-
Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 4.0.0.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.6
- Fixed an issue where non-contiguous buffers could be passed to APIs that accept Python buffers, which could lead to buffer overflow (CVE-2026-39892)
From cryptography
- SECURITY ISSUE: Fixed an issue where non-contiguous buffers could be passed to APIs that accept Python buffers, which could lead to buffer overflow. CVE-2026-39892
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.6.
- Fixed a bug where name constraints were not applied to peer names during verification when the leaf certificate contains a wildcard DNS SAN
From cryptography
- SECURITY ISSUE: Fixed a bug where name constraints were not applied to peer names during verification when the leaf certificate contains a wildcard DNS SAN. Ordinary X.509 topologies are not affected by this bug, including those used by the Web PKI. Credit to Oleh Konko (1seal) for reporting the issue. CVE-2026-34073
- Support for SECT* binary elliptic curves is deprecated and will be removed in the next release
- Add security checks to prevent private key leakage when using binary elliptic curves with malicious public keys (CVE-2026-26007)
From cryptography
- An attacker could create a malicious public key that reveals portions of your private key when using certain uncommon elliptic curves (binary curves). This version now includes additional security checks to prevent this attack. This issue only affects binary elliptic curves, which are rarely used in real-world applications. Credit to XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab and Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine for reporting the issue. CVE-2026-26007
- Support for
SECT*binary elliptic curves is deprecated and will be removed in the next release.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.5
- Dropped support for win_arm64 wheels
From cryptography
- Dropped support for win_arm64 wheels.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.5.
- Fixed compilation when using LibreSSL 4.2.0.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.4.
- Fixed an issue where users installing via pip on Python 3.14 development versions would not properly install a dependency
- Fixed an issue building the free-threaded macOS 3.14 wheels
From cryptography
- Fixed an issue where users installing via
pipon Python 3.14 development versions would not properly install a dependency. - Fixed an issue building the free-threaded macOS 3.14 wheels.
- Build and publish ppc64le manylinux wheels to PyPI
- Build and publish win_arm64 (Windows on Arm) wheels to PyPI
- Support for free-threaded Python 3.14
- Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels are now compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.3
- In X.509, PSS signatures with SHA-3 hashes are now encoded with the official NIST SHA3 OID
- Support for Python 3.7 has been removed
- Removed the deprecated get_attribute_for_oid method on CertificateSigningRequest
- Removed the deprecated CAST5, SEED, IDEA, and Blowfish classes from the cipher module
- Support for OpenSSL < 3.0 is deprecated and will be removed in the next release
- Support for x86_64 macOS is deprecated and will be removed in two releases
- Support for 32-bit Windows is deprecated and will be removed in two releases
From cryptography
- BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE: Support for Python 3.7 has been removed.
- Support for OpenSSL < 3.0 is deprecated and will be removed in the next release.
- Support for
x86_64macOS (including publishing wheels) is deprecated and will be removed in two releases. We will switch to publishing anarm64only wheel for macOS. - Support for 32-bit Windows (including publishing wheels) is deprecated and will be removed in two releases. Users should move to a 64-bit Python installation.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.3.
- We now build
ppc64lemanylinuxwheels and publish them to PyPI. - We now build
win_arm64(Windows on Arm) wheels and publish them to PyPI. - Added support for free-threaded Python 3.14.
- Removed the deprecated
get_attribute_for_oidmethod on CertificateSigningRequest. Users should use get_attribute_for_oid() instead. - Removed the deprecated
CAST5,SEED,IDEA, andBlowfishclasses from the cipher module. These are still available in Decrepit cryptography. - In X.509, when performing a PSS signature with a SHA-3 hash, it is now encoded with the official NIST SHA3 OID.
- Added a function to support an upcoming
pyOpenSSLrelease.
- Updated Windows, macOS, and Linux wheels to be compiled with OpenSSL 3.5.2.
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